After an interesting discussion on Twitter today about naming conventions in block play, I was asked if I had a copy of an image that I use in my training PowerPoint. After a bit of digging I have found an original copy which is of much higher quality. A big thanks to my past colleague Janette Gaunt who created this image. There is a pdf copy that can be downloaded below.
creativity
Throwing out the Plastic; Constructing an environment which supports the development of high quality creative play
In Scottish education, there is a developing focus on practitioner enquiry as an approach to professional learning and also to school improvement.
The most successful education systems ...invest in developing their teachers as reflective, accomplished and enquiring professionals who have the capacity to engage fully with the complexities of education and to be key actors in shaping and leading educational change. (Donaldson, 2011, p4)
In my own practice, I have found professional enquiry to be an important tool in both deepening my own pedagogical understanding and in driving forward curriculum development in a sustainable and collaborative way.
Throwing out the Plastic
This enquiry explored how we could shape our environment to cultivate creativity and develop the opportunities for free flow play. Tina Bruce (2004) writes, ‘the environment plays a central part in cultivating creativity. But if organised wrongly, it can constrain or even extinguish it.’
Children’s toys are usually designed by adults. Frequently they are brightly coloured and made of plastic. How much of the learning has been removed by adults during the development of these resources?
Froebelian practice provides children with ‘an environment which allows free access to a rich range of materials that promote open-ended opportunities for play, representation and creativity.’ (The Froebel Trust, 2012) Where children can modify their environment by using combinations of creative materials, dramatic materials and smaller manipulative objects, the quality of play is high. Teets (1985) Flexibility provides opportunities for autonomy and creative thought. Therefore, it would seem that if we provide open ended resources in a way that offers choice and the ability to self-select, children will extend and develop their play in response.
We introduced a permanent Block Area where block play was valued and respected. Supported sensitively by adults, the quality of block play increased dramatically and we began to see children progressing through the levels of block play development where we had not seen this before.
We introduced small manipulative objects or loose parts that could be moved about the nursery both inside and out. These offered opportunities for open ended symbolic and dramatic play. Children used jewels, conkers and stones to represent a variety of different objects. Many of these were natural materials.
We developed our indoor and outdoor water areas to increase independence and choice for children by providing them with a range of resources that could be manipulated and interpreted in an infinite variety of ways. Problem solving and investigative inquiry increased noticeably.
Other developments; natural materials, mud kitchen, clay, woodwork, real life experiences, crates and tyres, talking thinking floorbooks, paint making, creation station, playdough, material instead of fixed dressing up clothes, more opportunities for literacy and numeracy through play.
Observing children is key to improving the quality of the environment. How the children played showed which resources work best to free their imaginations and creativity and which contain and stifle them. A fundamental shift away from toys which leave little room for imagination, towards more natural and open ended resources is reflected in a fundamental shift in the quality of the children’s play. On a daily basis we see many of the features of free flow play (Bruce, 1991). We also see, motivated engaged children, who are deeply involved in their play, high levels of creative problem solving and mature high level socio-dramatic play and children negotiating complex play situations, using language to create texts and developing their skills of collaboration and co-operation.
So go on, create an environment that supports high quality creative play and throw out the plastic!
References
Bruce, T., 1991 updated 2011. Learning Through Play. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Education.
Bruce, T., 2004. Cultivating creativity in babies, toddlers and young children. Hodder Education.
Donaldson, G. 2011. Teaching Scotland’s Future; Report of a review of teacher education in Scotland. The Scottish Government, Edinburgh.
Froebel Trust, 2015. Froebel Today. [Online] Available at http://www.froebel.org.uk/froebel-today/ [Accessed 4 October 2015]Teets, S., 1985. Modification of play behaviors of preschool children through manipulation of environmental variables. In: J. L. Frost & S. Sunderlin, eds. When Children Play. Wheaton, MD: Association for Childhood Education International, pp. 265-272.
A key element in a Froebelian approach is the role of the adult. An ability to listen and observe and know when to step in or when to hold back is crucial. Sometimes adults feel they have to step in and solve problems for children, but a problem is such a rich source of learning.
C: We’re making a dinosaur. It’s a Stegasaurous. It has teeth, razor sharp teeth. It needs some eyes.
L: Look these make perfect eyes. Horns, these are horns.
E: These are the nostrils.
C: So where’s his eyes?
E: It doesn’t have a name yet.
D: Can I play too?
C: Yes you can play too, but you must promise not to break the dinosaur. It’s very delicate and we’re going to frighten other people with it.
L: Yeah, you can go under. It’s big enough for three. Come in.
C: All right lets do this. Roooaaarrr.
All: Raarrr, raarr, raarrr
[In the excitement, the blocks that were holding the tail fell down and bumped on L – the girls stopped and started to take the blocks down]
C: Lets take the detail down, the detail down.
E: Lets take it down.
C: Then we can make it much safer. We can build it again, but much safer. Sleeping.
E: We need to build it soft. We’re making it much softer and much . . .
C: Safer. The dinosaur’s sleeping.
E: It needs to be standing up because if it falls down it will bump her.
C: It needs to be sleeping.
E: The legs here.
C: What about the claws? The tippytoes. One claw here on the tippy toe.
L: And we don’t need that.
C: Straight claws here and bent claws over there.
L: Bent, these bent?
C: No not these sort of claws.
L: I’m sitting on the dinosaur’s foot.
C: I’ve got some bigger claws for the back. Lets see if I can find the other pair. I’m sure there were two pairs. Or we could just make them straight claws. It doesn’t matter.
E: No it does. I know where the other pair is. The other pair. Claws. (looking)
L: You don’t actually know where it is.
C: I found it.
L: She found it.
L: Now I want to go outside.
C: Do we? I don’t want to. I don’t want to play alone. We can leave the dinosaur, but we’ll tidy up everything else. I don’t’ want to play with the dinosaur right now. Bye bye dinosaur.
L: Bye dinosaur, see you tomorrow.
C: 168 razor sharp teeth.
L: A hundred and sixty, a hundred and sixty sixty grams of razor sharp teeth.
The role of the adult here? Listening, observing, recording. Not one word of intervention required.
And the learning? Collaboration, negotiation, sharing, risk assessment, listening, talking, vocabulary, mathematics, construction, forces, balance etc etc etc
Aren't children wonderful?
C: We’re making a dinosaur. It’s a Stegasaurous. It has teeth, razor sharp teeth. It needs some eyes.
L: Look these make perfect eyes. Horns, these are horns.
E: These are the nostrils.
C: So where’s his eyes?
E: It doesn’t have a name yet.
D: Can I play too?
C: Yes you can play too, but you must promise not to break the dinosaur. It’s very delicate and we’re going to frighten other people with it.
L: Yeah, you can go under. It’s big enough for three. Come in.
C: All right lets do this. Roooaaarrr.
All: Raarrr, raarr, raarrr
[In the excitement, the blocks that were holding the tail fell down and bumped on L – the girls stopped and started to take the blocks down]
C: Lets take the detail down, the detail down.
E: Lets take it down.
C: Then we can make it much safer. We can build it again, but much safer. Sleeping.
E: We need to build it soft. We’re making it much softer and much . . .
C: Safer. The dinosaur’s sleeping.
E: It needs to be standing up because if it falls down it will bump her.
C: It needs to be sleeping.
E: The legs here.
C: What about the claws? The tippytoes. One claw here on the tippy toe.
L: And we don’t need that.
C: Straight claws here and bent claws over there.
L: Bent, these bent?
C: No not these sort of claws.
L: I’m sitting on the dinosaur’s foot.
C: I’ve got some bigger claws for the back. Lets see if I can find the other pair. I’m sure there were two pairs. Or we could just make them straight claws. It doesn’t matter.
E: No it does. I know where the other pair is. The other pair. Claws. (looking)
L: You don’t actually know where it is.
C: I found it.
L: She found it.
L: Now I want to go outside.
C: Do we? I don’t want to. I don’t want to play alone. We can leave the dinosaur, but we’ll tidy up everything else. I don’t’ want to play with the dinosaur right now. Bye bye dinosaur.
L: Bye dinosaur, see you tomorrow.
C: 168 razor sharp teeth.
L: A hundred and sixty, a hundred and sixty sixty grams of razor sharp teeth.
The role of the adult here? Listening, observing, recording. Not one word of intervention required.
And the learning? Collaboration, negotiation, sharing, risk assessment, listening, talking, vocabulary, mathematics, construction, forces, balance etc etc etc
Aren't children wonderful?
Frederick Froebel (1782-1852) |
Frederick Froebel is one of the most significant influences on early years education today and yet most of us know very little about him.
In September 2012 I had the opportunity to enrol on the Froebel in Early Childhood Education course at Edinburgh University. I began the course not knowing much about Friedrich Froebel but hoping to explore the possibility of finding coherence in my own practice and of developing an underlying philosophy which could inform my emergent pedagogy.
Froebel truly was a pioneer. He was one of the first educators to consider that the education of children under the age of 7 was worthwhile. He established the Kindergarten (Child Garden), where children could learn through play. His approach to play constituted a significant shift in the way that children’s play and its role in their education was viewed. He wrote that "play at this time is not trivial, it is highly serious and of deep significance" (Fröbel, 1826). Froebel maintained that the teachers of young children should be highly educated and he believed that women could and should take on this teaching role.
Although to our contemporary eyes, the play in Froebel’s kindergarten would seem highly formal, his work has had a significant influence on early years practice. He developed materials that included wooden blocks, wooden tiles, pin boards, sewing, weaving, paper folding, stick laying, construction with sticks and peas, woodwork, drawing, painting and clay, encouraged activity and movement through songs and emphasised the importance of the study of nature and the connection with the outside world. All of these things can still be seen in various forms in most nurseries today.
So what does the work of Froebel, born more than 230 years ago, mean for contemporary practice?
The work of practitioners in the Froebel tradition such as Susan Isaacs, Margaret McMillan and Tina Bruce has continued Froebel’s approach and philosophy through to the present day.
‘Froebel’ is not a ‘method’ in the way perhaps that the work of Maria Montessori or Rudolf Steiner has become, but develops from reflective practice with the child as the focus, embedded in family and community. It is a set of guiding principles which are interpreted in many ways depending on the context in which practitioners are working. It looks different in different settings.
Froebel’s principles, pedagogy and practice which the Froebel Trust sets out on their website resonate strongly with my own values, experiences, and way of working and have become for me the underlying philosophy which informs my day to day work with the children in my setting.
Principles
- Recognition of the uniqueness of each child's capacity and potential
- An holistic view of each child's development
- Recognition of the importance of play as a central integrating element in a child's development and learning
- An ecological view of humankind in the natural world
- Recognition of the integrity of childhood in its own right
- Recognition of the child as part of a family and a community
- Their right to protection from harm or abuse and the promotion of their overall well-being
Pedagogy
- Knowledgeable and appropriately qualified early childhood professionals
- Skilled and informed observation of children, to support effective development, learning and teaching
- Awareness that education relates to all capabilities of each child: imaginative, creative, symbolic, linguistic, mathematical, musical, aesthetic, scientific, physical, social, moral, cultural and spiritual
- Parents/carers and educators working in harmony and partnership
- First-hand experience, play, talk and reflection
- Activities and experiences that have sense, purpose and meaning to the child, and involve joy, wonder, concentration, unity and satisfaction
- An holistic approach to learning which recognises children as active, feeling and thinking human beings, seeing patterns and making connections
- Encouragement rather than punishment
- Individual and collaborative activity and play
- An approach to learning which develops children's autonomy and self confidence
- Physically safe but intellectually challenging, promoting curiosity, enquiry, sensory stimulation and aesthetic awareness
- Demonstrates the unity of indoors and outdoors, of the cultural and the natural
- Allows free access to a rich range of materials that promote open-ended opportunities for play, representation and creativity
- Entails the setting being an integral part of the community it serves, working in close partnership with parents and other skilled adults
- Educative rather than merely amusing or occupying
- Promotes interdependence as well as independence, community as well as individuality and responsibility as well as freedom.
Fröbel, F., 1826. Die Menschenerziehung (On the Education of Man). Keilhau, Leipzig: Weinbrack.
So, finally I've decided to write a blog. After lurking on so many others' sites, dropping comments here and there, it's time to put my thoughts down, to get them out there, to share with others my passion for working with children in the early years.
At this moment in time, the purpose of this blog is to connect with others, to share ideas and to document my experiences, thought processes and learning. In particular I want to explore the Frobelian Approach, and what this looks like in contemporary practice. I have a passion for learning through play and for developing creativity and I hope to explore these topics often.
Please comment, get in touch, ask questions. Being part of a community of practitioners/researchers/learners, is what it's all about.